传统农业回顾与稻渔产业发展思考

对传统农业的深入理解无疑有助于对农业现代化的推进。稻渔共生产业作为优秀传统农业的典范，对于推进中国农业现代化进程与可持续发展和世界稻渔共生产业的健康发展具有重要的启迪作用。本文从人类文明发展历程，尤其是中国传统农业文明发展历程的回顾切入，简要介绍了重要农业文化遗产的概念、内涵、实施及意义，并以传统稻鱼共生系统为例，深刻分析其传衍数千年的科学机制，讨论了稻渔共生产业发展面临的技术挑战及未来发展战略。研究指出，农耕文明的核心理念在华夏文明发展过程中具有重大的现实意义，而于20世纪60年年代初期兴起并不断强化的石油农业则可能存在包括农业生物多样性简化、农用化学品依赖、生产成本增高、资源竞争激烈、环境压力增大以及这些工业化的现代农业对发展中国家传统农业产生的不对等的利益竞争和负面影响显而易见。在政府政策激励以及来自科技工作者、技术人员和从农者的共同努力下，从中国优秀传统农业的典范传统稻鱼共生系统逐渐衍生、演变形成的稻渔共生生态种养产业在提高水土资源利用效率、丰富稻田产出、提高农民收入、减少面源污染等方面独具优势。研究表明，相关从业人员需要高度关注现阶段稻渔共生产业发展过程中所遇到的诸如模式选用、景观与农业生物多样性布设、种养协调、肥力调控、产品营销等技术细节问题并加以用心对待、科学掌握。因此提出，未来稻渔共生产业的发展还需要解决农艺机械化、投施精准化、农事省力化等新挑战，并呼吁学界、业界和政策制定部门等聚焦合力解决。     

氮肥与密度互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响

为明确花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥水平和种植密度,本研究于2018年和2019年以‘花育22’为供试花生品种,设置3个氮肥水平(0 kg hm~(–2), N0; 60 kg hm~(–2), N1; 120 kg hm~(–2), N2), 3个种植密度(7.93万株hm~(–2), D1; 15.86万株hm~(–2),D2; 23.79万株hm~(–2), D3),采用二因素裂区试验设计,研究氮肥、密度及其互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响。氮肥对花生根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重的影响不显著,而密度的影响显著。单株根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而降低, D1显著高于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著;单位面积根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而增加, D1显著低于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著。氮肥和密度互作对2019年收获期单位面积根长、根表面积的影响显著,与D1相比, N1处理下D3的增幅显著高于N0和N2处理。氮肥及氮肥与密度互作对植株性状的影响存在年度和时期间的差异,主茎叶片数、侧枝数和主茎第一节间粗随密度增加有降低趋势。氮肥对荚果产量的影响不显著,荚果产量随密度的增加呈增加的趋势。产量与根体积、根干重、主茎叶片数、主茎高及侧枝长呈显著正相关。综上所述,在本试验条件下,花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥(N)水平为60 kg hm~(-2),种植密度为18.8万株hm~(-2)。     

厦门同安造水村乡村旅游开发研究

结合生态农村园发展的要求及对同安造水村的综合考察，从多角度来分析市场形势和造水村的人文、地理等各条件的综合状况，为造水村观光农业旅游资源的合理开发提供较为科学的理论依据，同时，为同安区汀溪镇发展成为厦门市的后花园提供借鉴。     

Organic farming fosters agroecosystem functioning in Argentinian temperate soils: Evidence from litter decomposition and soil fauna

Benefits of organic farming on soil fauna have been widely observed and this has led to consider organic farming as a potential approach to reduce the environmental impact of conventional agriculture. However, there is still little evidence from field conditions about direct benefits of organic agriculture on soil ecosystem functioning. Hence, the aims of this study were to compare the effect of organic farming versus conventional farming on litter decomposition and to study how this process is affected by soil meso- and macrofauna abundances. Systems studied were: (1) organic farming with conventional tillage (ORG), (2) conventional farming with conventional tillage (CT), (3) conventional farming under no-tillage (NT), and (4) natural grassland as control system (GR). Decomposition was determined under field conditions by measuring weight loss in litterbags. Soil meso- and macrofauna contribution on decomposition was evaluated both by different mesh sizes and by assessing their abundances in the soil. Litter decomposition was always significantly higher after 9 and 12 months in ORG than in CT and NT (from 2 to 5 times in average), regardless decomposer community composition and litter type. Besides, mesofauna, macrofauna and earthworm abundances were significantly higher in ORG than in NT and CT (from 1.6 to 3.8, 1.7 to 2.3 and 16 to 25 times in average, respectively for each group). These results are especially relevant firstly because the positive effect of ORG in a key soil process has been proved under field conditions, being the first direct evidence that organic farming enhances the decomposition process. And secondly because the extensive organic system analyzed here did not include several practices which have been recognized as particularly positive for soil biota (e.g. manure use, low tillage intensity and high crop diversity). So, this research suggests that even when those practices are not applied, the non-use of agrochemicals is enough to produce positive changes in soil fauna and so in decomposition dynamics. Therefore, the adoption of organic system in an extensive way can also be suggested to farmers in order to improve ecosystem functioning and consequently to achieve better soil conditions for crop production.     

Decreasing of methanogenic activity in paddy fields via lowering ponding water temperature: A modeling investigation

Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas and the huge CH₄ fluxes emitted from paddy fields can prejudice the eco-compatibility of rice cultivation. CH₄ production in submerged rice crops is known to be highly influenced by water temperature. Hence, lowering ponding water temperature (LPWT) could be an option to mitigate CH₄ emissions from paddy environments when it is possible either to irrigate with slightly colder water or to increase ponding water depth. However, paddy soil is a complex environment in which many processes are simultaneously influenced by temperature, leading to a difficult prediction of LPWT effects. For this reason, LPWT efficiency is here theoretically investigated with a one-dimensional process-based model that simulates the vertical and temporal dynamics of water temperature in soil and the fate of chemical compounds that influence CH₄ emissions. The model is validated with literature measured data of CH₄ emissions from a paddy field under time-variable temperature regime. Based on modeling results, LPWT appears promising since the simulated reduction of CH₄ emissions reaches about −12% and −49% for an LPWT equal to −5 °C during the ripening stage only (last 30 days of growing season, when rice is less sensitive to temperature variations) and −2 °C over the whole growing season, respectively. LPWT affects CH₄ emissions either directly (decreasing methanogenic activity), indirectly (decreasing activity of bacteria using alternative electron acceptors), or both. The encouraging results provide the theoretical ground for further laboratory and field studies aimed to investigate the LPWT feasibility in paddy environments.     

利用生态循环农业综合治理农业污染——以嘉兴市海盐县为例

总结发展生态循环农业的意义,分析了海盐县农业污染现状,并提出利用生态循环农业治理农业污染的措施与对策。     

美国农业保护性耕作技术的启示

为了学习与引进先进的保护性耕作技术,阐述了美国保护性耕作的起源,说明了传统耕作给农业生产带来的毁灭性的打击,并通过以免耕为主的保护性耕作的论述,进一步说明了黑龙江省耕作制度改革的必要性。同时通过美国先进耕作制度的论述,提出了黑龙江省发展保护性耕作制度的必要性和具体措施。     

河北省2018年第三季度马铃薯价格走势分析

依据对马铃薯价格的实时监控，以2018年河北省第三季度马铃薯价格为主要研究对象，阐明了2018年河北省马铃薯价格横向水平及纵向变化趋势，并对影响价格的因素进行了数据分析。结果显示：在河北、山东、甘肃3大产区及全国，2018年第三季度河北省马铃薯价格处于最低水平，明显低于全国平均水平，但年同比增幅最大。分析表明：马铃薯库存、气候的变化以及马铃薯收获期是影响第三季度河北省马铃薯价格的主要因素。最后，根据分析结果，提出调整种植结构、适时出售的建议。     

农业院校高等数学教学存在的问题及其解决

根据农业院校高等数学教学体会进行了系统总结和思考,并对当前农业院校高等数学教学遇到的问题提出了改进建议。     

"互联网+"在休闲观光农业中的应用

2015年越来越多的行业运用"互联网+"为行业创造更多的价值,笔者基于休闲观光农业的现状,从服务形式、游客参与度、营销方式、文化内涵、评价体系方面分析了休闲观光农业行业发展和营销推广中存在的问题,提出利用"互联网+"的技术和手段解决这些问题的方法和措施。